Sunday, July 24, 2016

Piper nigrum, maricha, miriyalu, mizhagu, Poivre, Pfeffer, Lada, pimenta, Перец, Paminta



Piper nigrum L.
Family: Piperaceae
  • Arabic: فلفل أسود
  • Armenian: Պղպեղ
  • Assamese: Jaluk
  • Azerbaijani: İstiot
  • Bengali: Golmarich গোল মরিচ
  • Bulgarian: Пипер черен, Черен пипер
  • Burmese: Nayukon ငရုတ်ကောင်းပင်
  • Chinese: 胡椒
  • Croatian: Biber
  • Czech: Pepř
  • Danish: Peber
  • Dutch: zwarte en witte peper
  • Esperanto: Pipro
  • Estonian: Pipar
  • Finnish: Pippuri
  • French: Poivre
  • Galician: Pementa
  • Georgian: პილპილი
  • German: Pfeffer
  • Gujarati: Mari કાળા મરી
  • Hebrew: פלפל
  • Hindi:  kalimirch: काली मिर्च
  • Hungarian: Bors
  • Icelandic: Pipar
  • Indonesian: Merica
  • Italian: Pepe
  • Japanese: 胡椒
  • Kannada: ಮೆಣಸು, ಕರಿಮೆಣಸು karimanasu
  • Kazakh: Бұрыш
  • Khmer: Mrech
  • Korean: 블랙 페퍼
  • Lao: Mak phik noi
  • Latvian: Pipari
  • Lithuanian: Pipirai
  • Malay: Lada
  • Malayalam: Mulagu കുരുമുളക്
  • Marathi: मिरे
  • Oriya: Gola maricha
  • Polish: Pieprz
  • Portuguese: pimenta
  • Russian: Перец
  • Sanskrit: maricham मरीचम्
  • Sinhalese: Miris
  • Slovak: Peprovník
  • Spanish: Pimienta nigra
  • Swahili: Pilipili
  • Swedish: Peppar
  • Tagalog: Paminta
  • Tamil: மிளகு
  • Telugu: మిరియాలు miriyalu
  • Thai: พริกไท
  • Tibetan: Fowarilbu
  • Turkish: Biber
  • Ukrainian: Perets
  • Vietnamese: Cây tiêu
  • Yiddish: Fefer
The medicinal part of the black pepper plant are the berries that are usually dried. The plant increases the production of saliva and has antimicrobial effects. Folk medicine has used black pepper to treat digestive problems,  scabies,  and  stomach  disorders. Useful for menstrual headaches. [African American Slave Medicine : Herbal and Non-herbal Treatments]

Ayurvedic uses: Swasa, krimiroga, tvak roga, sula [API, Vol-1 Part-3]

A warm carminative stimulant, producing, when taken into the system, general arterial excitement, but acting with greater proportional energy upon the surfaces with which it is brought more immediately into contact. It is useful in debility of the stomach, and throughout the entire extent of the digestive system exerts a pure stimulant action, and is useful also in fevers where the indications for a stimulant impression exist.   May be given in substance or in infusion, the former being the mode of exhibition generally in favour. It is of great value in fevers, more especially as an adjuvant to more active febrifugent agents, the action of which is materially increased by its presence. In those cases of debility of the stomach and digestive apparatus, as in the case of drunkards, where the ordinary means fail to produce the desired impression, it is exhibited with success. It is also of certain action where a speedy diaphoresis is required, producing a copious amount of perspiration in very short time; of course, for this purpose, it will be preferred in the warm infusion for administration. It is useful in piles and for constipation of the bowels; for either of these purposes it is most frequently given in the form of an electuary. [Botanic Pharmacopoeia]

Black pepper is a hot herb used traditionally for treating colds, congestion, sore throat, sinusitis, and fever. Like most hot herbs, it is also a powerful digestion stimulant. It is also used to treat chronic coldness,  temporary  mild  paralysis  (such  as  Bell’s  Palsy  syndrome),  and  for  general stimulation of the Fire element. [A Thai Herbal: Traditional Recipes for Health and Harmony]

Used  in  Ayurveda,  Unani  and  Sidha.  Roots  and  fruits  of  Deeringia  amaranthoides  pounded  with  roots  of  Piper  nigrum  and  given  in  stomach  pain.  Seed  powder  mixed  with  water  given  orally  to  cure  malaria  and  fevers.  Dried  unripe fruit rubefacient, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, postpartum  remedy,  stomachic,  treat  diarrhea,  rheumatic  pains, digestion, asthma, chronic bronchitis, scabies, sores,  and  poisons,  especially  food  poisoning  from  meat;  fruits  crushed  and  taken  for  relief  from  cold,  cough  and  fever;  Mimosa pudica roots, Musa sapientum peel, Drymaria cordata  leafy  twigs  and  Piper  nigrum  seeds  ground  together  and made into pills given orally to pregnant women to cause  abortion; decoction of whole plant of Cyperus scariosus with  Piper  nigrum  given  to  cure  influenza,  cough,  cold,  fevers.  Fruits pesticide, insecticide, for fungal infection. Veterinary  medicine, a mixture of leaves of Pergularia extensa, Piper  nigrum seeds and Allium sativum juice put into eyes for any  kind  of  disease  in  cattle.  Ceremonial,  ritual,  ingredient  of  Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Stimulant, carminative, diuretic, anticholerin, sialagogue, bechic, antiasthmatic. Used in fevers, dyspepsia, flatulence, indigestion, and as mucous membrane and gastro-intestinal stimulant. Externally—rubefacient and stimulant to the skin. Used as a gargle for sore throat. Used with ginger and Piper longum for viral hepatitis. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Therapeutic uses : The berries, well known for their stomachic, anodyne and antibacterial properties, are prescribed for treating dyspepsia, vomiting, diarrhoea and colic resulting from cold, The average daily dose is 1 to 3g in the form of a decoction, powder or pills. The powdered berries, applied topically, cure toothache. They can also be used as an insecticide against clothes moths. [Medicinal Plants in Viet Nam]

Promotions for digestion, urination and perspiration, gastrointestinal diseases, diarrhoea diseases, menstrual disorders, dizziness, for oral-hygiene and appetizing and for clear-vision. [Medicinal Plants of Myanmar]

 Fruit:  Dried  or  powdered  berries  are  used  to  treat  ailments  of  the  urinogenital  system; pulverised green berries are boiled and the liquid is drunk to relieve flatulence (wind); decoction of dried berries mixed with Justicia secunda and Zingiber officinale is used to treat menstrual pains. Seed: In Guyana, mixed with Allium cepa, Allium sativum and other plants, to cure Guinea worm infections. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]
 
165 Publushed article related to pharmacology of Piper nigrum
1.    Conventional and modern propagation techniques in Piper nigrum Abbasi, B.H., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2010. 4(1): p. 7-12.
2.    Quantification of total phenol, f.c.a.p.e.i.H.f.f.t.s.o.P.n.L.f.A., Aftab, et al., Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2015. 5(2): p. 101-107.
3.    Effect of different in vitro culture extracts of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) on toxic metabolites-producing strains Ahmad, N., B.H. Abbasi, and H. Fazal, Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2016. 32(3): p. 500-506.
4.    Effect of reverse photoperiod on in vitro regeneration and piperine production in Piper nigrum L Ahmad, N., et al., Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2014. 337(1): p. 19-28.
5.    Piper nigrum: Micropropagation, A.e.a., and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis for Quality Control Ahmad, Nisar, et al., Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2013. 169(7): p. 2004-2015.
6.    Biological role of Piper nigrum L. (Black pepper): A review Ahmad, N., et al., Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012. 2(Suppl. 3): p. S1945-S1953.
7.    Possible Therapeutic Uses of Salvia triloba and Piper nigrum in Alzheimer's Disease-Induced Rats Ahmed, H.H., et al., Journal of Medicinal Food, 2013. 16(5): p. 437-446.
8.    Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by derivatives of piperine, a.a.f.t.p.p.P.n., for possible use in Parkinson's disease Al-Baghdadi, Osamah B., et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2012. 22(23): p. 7183-7188.
9.    Strong remedies. 4. Piper nigrum in Norwegian folk tradition Alm, T., Blyttia, 2010. 68(3): p. 179-199.
10.    Inhibition of gastric mucosal damage by Piper nigrum (Black pepper) pretreatment in wistar albino rats Al-moflehi, A., et al., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2005. 1(2): p. 64-68.
11.    The essential oil analysis and trace element study of the roots of Piper nigrum L Ao, P., S. Hu, and A. Zhao, Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 1998. 23(1): p. 42-63.
12.    USE OF ANNONA-SQUAMOSA AND PIPER-NIGRUM AGAINST DIABETES Atique, A., M. Iqbal, and A.K.M. Ghouse, Fitoterapia, 1985. 56(3): p. 190-192.
13.    Effects of oral administration of red pepper ( Capsicum annuum) and black pepper ( Piper nigrum) powders on serum levels of blood cholesterol in male mice Babaei, G.S., et al., Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 2015. 10(3): p. 13-20.
14.    Antioxidant activity of Piper nigrum L. essential oil extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction and hydro-distillation Bagheri, H., M.Y.B.A. Manap, and Z. Solati, Talanta, 2014. 121: p. 220-228.
15.    Anti-hepatotoxic and anti-oxidant effects of extracts from Piper nigrum L. root Bai, X., et al., African Journal of Biotechnology, 2011. 10(2): p. 267-272.
16.    Effect of Piper nigrum on salivary gland of Wistar rat Bassey, E., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2013. 7(44): p. 3247-3253.
17.    Modulating effect of the piperine, t.m.a.f.P.n.L., on murine B lymphocyte function Bernardo, A. R., et al., Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 2015. 37(3): p. 209-216.
18.    Toxic action of black pepper, P.n., on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Boff, M. I. C. and A.A.d. Almeida, Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 1996. 25(3): p. 423-429.
19.    Residual effect of Piper nigrum (L.) extracts on first instar larvae of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) Boff, M.I.C. and A.A. De Almeida, Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 1995. 24(1): p. 115-121.
20.    Studies on the Effects of Phosphine on Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis in Culture Medium and in Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Castro, M.F.P.M., et al., Journal of Food Protection, 2011. 74(4): p. 665-671.
21.    Antioxidant activity of some phenolic constituents from green pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and fresh nutmeg mace (Myristica ftagrans) Chatterjee, S., et al., Food Chemistry, 2007. 101(2): p. 515-523.
22.    Ethanol extract of Piper nigrum leaves ameliorates serum lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activities in diabetic rats Chioma, O.O., N.O. Victor, and G.A. Emeka, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2014. 32(1): p. 27-33.
23.    Effect of Piper nigrum leaves extract on lipid profile status on alloxan induced diabetic rats Chioma, O.O., N.O. Victor, and G.A. Emeka, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2014. 32(1): p. 34-39.
24.    LC-MS/MS Based Identification of Piperine Production by Endophytic Mycosphaerella sp PF13 from Piper nigrum Chithra, S., et al., Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2014. 173(1): p. 30-35.
25.    Piperine production by endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Piper nigrum Chithra, S., et al., Phytomedicine, 2014. 21(4): p. 534-540.
26.    Development of piperic acid derivatives from Piper nigrum as UV protection agents Choochana, P., et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, 2015. 53(4): p. 477-482.
27.    Leishmanicidal Activity of Piper nigrum Bioactive Fractions is Interceded via Apoptosis In Vitro and Substantiated by Th1 lmmunostimulatorv Potential In Vivo Chouhan, G., et al., Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015. 6.
28.    Optimization of supercritical CO 2 extraction of oleoresin from black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) and antioxidant capacity of the oleoresin Dang, Q.T. and N.N. Phan, International Food Research Journal, 2014. 21(4): p. 1489-1493.
29.    Structural and Sensory Characterization of Key Pungent and Tingling Compounds from Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Dawid, C., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012. 60(11): p. 2884-2895.
30.    Evaluation of heavy metal distribution and antibacterial activities of medicinal plants Tinospora cordifolia, O.s.a.P.n.D., M., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2014. 6(3): p. 229-234.
31.    Anti-cancer effects of Piper nigrum via inducing multiple molecular signaling in vivo and in vitro Deng, Y., et al., Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2016. 188: p. 87-95.
32.    Antimicrobial investigation of Piper nigrum L. again Salmonella typhi Deshwal, V.K., Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2013. 3(3): p. 100-103.
33.    Isolation and amplification of genomic DNA from recalcitrant dried berries of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) - A medicinal spice Dhanya, K., et al., Molecular Biotechnology, 2007. 37(2): p. 165-168.
34.    Antifungal activity of alkaloids and phenols compounds extracted from black pepper Piper nigrum against some pathogenic fungi Dheeb, B.I., Journal of Biotechnology Research Center, 2015. 9(2): p. 46-54.
35.    Temperature-dependent changes in susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) Driffield, K.L., L. Mooney, and K.G. Kerr, Pharmaceutical Biology, 2006. 44(2): p. 113-115.
36.    Alkaloids from Piper sarmentosum and Piper nigrum Ee, G.C.L., et al., Natural Product Research, 2009. 23(15): p. 1416-1423.
37.    Alkaloids from Piper sarmentosum and Piper nigrum Ee, G.C.L., et al., Natural Product Research, 2009. 23(15): p. 1416-1423.
38.    Pellitorine, a.P.A.-C.L.C.a.H.a.M.-C.L.a.M.T.o.P.f.P.N.E., Gwendoline Cheng Lian, et al., Molecules, 2010. 15(4): p. 2398-2404.
39.    CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF FORCE-FEEDING AN EXTRACT OF BLACK PEPPER (PIPER-NIGRUM) IN EGYPTIAN TOADS (BUFO-REGULARIS) Elmofty, M.M., V.V. Khudoley, and M.H. Shwaireb, Oncology, 1991. 48(4): p. 347-350.
40.    CARCINOGENICITY TESTING OF BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM) USING THE EGYPTIAN TOAD (BUFO-REGULARIS) AS A QUICK BIOLOGICAL TEST ANIMAL Elmofty, M.M., et al., Oncology, 1988. 45(3): p. 247-252.
41.    Effects of oral administration of red pepper ( Capsicum annuum) and black pepper ( Piper nigrum) powders on plasma levels of pituitary-gonads axis hormones in male mice Garmkhany, S. and N. Yousofvand, Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2015. 14(56): p. Pe45-Pe213.
42.    Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant activity of Piper cubeba and Piper nigrum Gayatri, N. and R.K. Sahu, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2011. 1(8): p. 153-157.
43.    Antitumor and immunomodulating potential of Coriandrum sativum, P.n.a.C.z.G.-F., R., et al., Journal of Natural Products (India), 2010. 3: p. 54-63.
44.    Synergistic larvicidal effect and morphological alterations induced by ethanolic extracts of Annona muricata and Piper nigrum against the dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti Grzybowski, A., et al., Pest Management Science, 2013. 69(5): p. 589-601.
45.    The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds Gulcin, I., International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2005. 56(7): p. 491-499.
46.    Evaluation of in vitro aldose reductase inhibitory potential of alkaloidal fractions of Piper nigrum, M.k., Argemone mexicana, and Nelumbo nucifera Gupta, Sakshi, N. Singh, and A.S. Jaggi, Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 2014. 25(2): p. 255-265.
47.    Histamine release inhibitory activity of Piper nigrum leaf Hirata, N., et al., Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2008. 31(10): p. 1973-1976.
48.    Testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory active constituents of Piper nigrum leaf Hirata, N., et al., Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2007. 30(12): p. 2402-2405.
49.    Antioxidant activity of Piper nigrum L. essential oil extracted by supercritical CO 2 extraction and hydro-distillation Hossein, B., A.M. Mohd Yazid, and S. Zeinab, Talanta, 2014. 121: p. 220-228.
50.    Antibacterial activity of extracts and constituents of Piper nigrum and Galipea officinalis Houghton, P.J., et al., Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1994. 46(SUPPL. 2): p. 1042-1042.
51.    Methanolic Extract of Piper nigrum Fruits Improves Memory Impairment by Decreasing Brain Oxidative Stress in Amyloid Beta(1-42) Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease Hritcu, L., et al., Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 2014. 34(3): p. 437-449.
52.    Anxiolytic and antidepressant profile of the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in beta-amyloid (1-42) rat model of Alzheimer's disease Hritcu, L., et al., Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2015. 11.
53.    Effects of Piper nigrum L on epileptiform activity in cortical wedges prepared from DBA/2 mice Hu, R.Q. and J.A. Davies, Phytotherapy Research, 1997. 11(3): p. 222-225.
54.    Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Piper nigrum L. II: Chemical and pharmacological studies Hu, S., P. Ao, and H. Tan, in Acta Horticulturae, L.E. Craker, L. Nolan, and K. Shetty, Editors. 1996. p. 175-178.
55.    Exploration of actinomycetes endophytically associated with Piper nigrum for potential bioactivity Jasim, B., et al., Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2015. 4(4): p. 282-286.
56.    Gene expression profiles of drosophila melanogaster exposed to an insecticidal extract of Piper nigrum Jensen, H.R., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006. 54(4): p. 1289-1295.
57.    The effect of a synergistic concentration of a Piper nigrum extract used in conjunction with pyrethrum upon gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster Jensen, H.R., et al., Insect Molecular Biology, 2006. 15(3): p. 329-339.
58.    Piper nigrum fruit extract prevents TMA-induced allergic contact dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokine production Jung, S., et al., Journal of Agricultural Science (Toronto), 2015. 7(2): p. 135-146.
59.    Protective effects of Piper nigrum and Vinca rosea in alloxan induced diabetic rats Kaleem, M., et al., Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2005. 49(1): p. 65-71.
60.    A rapid method for isolation of piperine from the fruits of Piper nigrum Linn Kanaki, N., et al., Journal of Natural Medicines, 2008. 62(3): p. 281-283.
61.    Chemistry and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Volatile Oil and Oleoresins of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Kapoor, I.P.S., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009. 57(12): p. 5358-5364.
62.    Antimicrobial activities of Calligonum polygonoides, A.l.a.P.n.K., Arif, R.A. Khan, and T. Khalil, Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2015. 10(2): p. 416-416.
63.    Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Piper nigrum Linn Lakshmi, O.B., et al., Advances in Plant Sciences, 2014. 27(1): p. 229-233.
64.    Alkaloids constituents from the fruits of Piper nigrum L. and their anti-inflammation activity Lee, B.M., et al., Planta Medica, 2015. 81(11): p. 940-940.
65.    Alkaloids constituents from the fruits of Piper nigrum L. and their anti-inflammation activity Lee, B.M., et al., Planta Medica, 2015. 81(11): p. 942-943.
66.    Alkamides from the fruits of Piper longum and Piper nigrum displaying potent cell adhesion inhibition Lee, S.W., et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2008. 18(16): p. 4544-4546.
67.    Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by alkamides isolated from the fruits of Piper longum and Piper nigrum Lee, S.W., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006. 54(26): p. 9759-9763.
68.    Piperine, a.p.a.f.P.n.r.-s.P.-g., MRP1 and BCRP dependent multidrug resistant cancer cells Li, Sen, et al., Phytomedicine, 2011. 19(1): p. 83-87.
69.    Physiological and biochemical effects of botanical extract from Piper nigrum Linn (Piperaceae) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) Lija-Escaline, J., et al., Parasitology Research, 2015. 114(11): p. 4239-4249.
70.    Alkaloids from Piper nigrum and Piper betle Lim, C.M., et al., Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2009. 17(1): p. 149-154.
71.    Amides from Piper nigrum L. with dissimilar effects on melanocyte proliferation in-vitro Lin, Z., et al., Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2007. 59(4): p. 529-536.
72.    Stimulation of mouse melanocyte proliferation by Piper nigrum fruit extract and its main alkaloid, p.L., Z. X., et al., Planta Medica, 1999. 65(7): p. 600-603.
73.    Low Energy Lindheimer, Jacob B., S.-T.E.o.B.P.P.n.a.R.R.o.a.R.e.o.S.A.a.o.E.a.F.M.S.i.Y.A.w., B.D. Loy, and P.J. O'Connor, Journal of Medicinal Food, 2013. 16(8): p. 765-771.
74.    Identification and simultaneous quantification of five alkaloids in Piper longum L. by HPLC-ESI-MSn and UFLC-ESI-MS/MS and their application to Piper nigrum L Liu, H.-L., et al., Food Chemistry, 2015. 177: p. 191-196.
75.    Inhibitory Effects of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Extracts and Compounds on Human Tumor Cell Proliferation, C.E., Lipid Peroxidation and Nuclear Transcription Factor-kappa-B Liu, Yunbao, et al., Natural Product Communications, 2010. 5(8): p. 1253-1257.
76.    In Vitro Investigation of the Potential Immunomodulatory and Anti-Cancer Activities of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) and Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Majdalawieh, A.F. and R.I. Carr, Journal of Medicinal Food, 2010. 13(2): p. 371-381.
77.    Assessment and conservation of intraspecific variability in Piper nigrum ('Black pepper') occurring in the Western Ghats of Indian peninsula Mathew, P.J., et al., in WOCMAP III: Conservation, Cultivation and Sustainable Use of MAPs, A. Jatisatienr, et al., Editors. 2005. p. 119-126.
78.    Melanogenesis stimulation in murine b16 melanoma cells by Piper nigrum leaf extract and its lignan constituents Matsuda, H., et al., Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2004. 27(10): p. 1611-1616.
79.    METHODS OF INSTRUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE CARBON DI OXIDE EXTRACT OF PIPER-NIGRUM Meerov Ya, S. and A.N. Katyuzhanskaya, Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, 1973. 9(2): p. 184-188.
80.    Piper nigrum and Piperine: An Update Meghwal, M. and T.K. Goswami, Phytotherapy Research, 2013. 27(8): p. 1121-1130.
81.    Scientific validation of Piper nigrum by HPLC and anti-oxidative assay markers Menghani, E., S.C. Jain, and R. Jain, Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 2010. 2(2): p. 133-138.
82.    THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS TO CONTROL SYSTEMIC BACTERIA IN INVITRO CULTURES OF PIPER-NIGRUM CV KUCHING Meyer, H.J., J. Vanstaden, and S. Allen, South African Journal of Botany, 1992. 58(6): p. 500-504.
83.    Antispermatogenic and antifertility effects of fruits of Piper nigrum L. in mice Mishra, R.K. and S.K. Singh, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2009. 47(9): p. 706-714.
84.    Phytochemical screening of Piper nigrum and Mallotus philipinesis for its antibacterial activity Mital, P., et al., International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2011. 3(1): p. 1867-1875.
85.    Therapeutic evaluation of a combination of Bambusa arundinacea, C.g., Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale, Colchicum autumnale, Asphalt and calcined iron in gout Mohammad, Asif, et al., Hamdard Medicus, 2008. 51(1): p. 163-170.
86.    In vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical analysis of dichloromethane extracts of Piper nigrum (black pepper) Monika, G., G. Aditi, and G. Sudhakar, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2013. 29(2): p. 777-782.
87.    Phytochemical analysis of cold toluene extracts of Piper nigrum and its antibacterial and antifungal activity Monika, G., et al., Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2013. 29(2): p. 559-563.
88.    DECONTAMINATION OF SPICES BY ETHYLENE-OXIDE - THE CASE OF CLOVE (EUGENIA-CARYOPHYLLUS SPRENG) AND OF WHITE PEPPER (PIPER-NIGRUM L) Muraz, B. and M. Chaigneau, Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 1985. 43(1): p. 15-21.
89.    CONSTITUENTS OF PIPER-NIGRUM L Nakatani, N., R. Inatani, and M. Miyakado, Lloydia-the Journal of Natural Products, 1978. 41(6): p. 653-653.
90.    Endophytic bacteria from Piper tuberculatum Jacq.: isolation, m.c., and in vitro screening for the control of Fusarium solani f. sp piperis, the causal agent of root rot disease in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Nascimento, S. B., et al., Genetics and Molecular Research, 2015. 14(3): p. 7567-7577.
91.    Antispasmodic effect of Piper nigrum fruit hot water extract on rat ileum Naseri, M.K.G. and H. Yahyavi, Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2008. 11(11): p. 1492-6.
92.    Effect of methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in Ethanol-CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats Nirwane, A.M. and A.R. Bapat, Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2012. 4(3): p. 795-802.
93.    Toxicological assessments of Piper nigrum on alloxan induced diabetic rats Onyesife, C.O., V.N. Ogugua, and E.G. Anaduaka, American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences (AEJTS), 2014. 6(2): p. 30-34.
94.    Water and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum in regulating thyroid function and lipid peroxidation in mice Panda, S. and A. Kar, Pharmaceutical Biology, 2003. 41(7): p. 479-482.
95.    Effects of Piper nigrum extracts: Restorative perspectives of high-fat diet-induced changes on lipid profile, b.c., and hormones in Sprague-Dawley rats Parim, BrahmaNaidu, et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, 2015. 53(9): p. 1318-1328.
96.    Insecticidal activity of isobutylamides derived from Piper nigrum against adult of two mosquito species, C.p.p.a.A.a.P., Il-Kwon, Natural Product Research, 2012. 26(22): p. 2129-2131.
97.    Larvicidal activity of isobutylamides identified in piper nigrum fruits against three mosquito species Park, I.K., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002. 50(7): p. 1866-1870.
98.    Assessment of anti-oxidant and wound healing potential of Eclipta alba, C.a.a.t.c.w.P.n.P., M. B., P.D. Rai, and S.H. Mishra, Journal of Natural Remedies, 2009. 9(1): p. 21-26.
99.    Piper nigrum leaf and stem assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against agricultural plant pathogens Paulkumar, K., et al., TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014. 2014: p. 829894-829894.
100.    Effect of Piper nigrum on in-vitro release of isoniazid from oral microspheres Pingale, P.L. and R.P. Ravindra, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2013. 4(1): p. P-1027-P-1036.
101.    Antifungal, a.a.a.p.o.c.c.B.c.B.e.o.a.i.i.v.p.a.i.p.o.P.n.L.f.P., Bhanu, et al., Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 2014. 56(2): p. 240-247.
102.    Safety assessment of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. essential oil, i.a., antiaflatoxin, antioxidant activity and efficacy as antimicrobial in preservation of Piper nigrum L. fruits Prakash, Bhanu, et al., International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2012. 153(1-2): p. 183-191.
103.    OCCURRENCE OF N-ISOBUTYL EICOSA-TRANS-2-TRANS-4-DIENAMIDE IN PIPER-NIGRUM Raina, M.L., K.L. Dhar, and C.K. Atal, Planta Medica, 1976. 30(2): p. 198-200.
104.    Effect of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn. against carageenan induced inflammation in Albino rats Rajesh, R., et al., Journal of Natural Remedies, 2007. 7(2): p. 229-233.
105.    Simultaneous Determination of Six Marker Compounds in Piper nigrum L. and Species Comparison Study Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Ramesh, B., et al., Jpc-Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern Tlc, 2015. 28(4): p. 280-286.
106.    Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Piper nigrum Linn. in rats Ramnik, S., et al., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2007. 3(12): p. 251-258.
107.    Antidepressant activity of Piper nigrum fruit extract and comparison with Imipramine in mice models Rao, G.S., et al., Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2012. 5(7): p. 3910-3912.
108.    Simultaneous determination of bioactive compounds in Piper nigrum L. and a species comparison study using HPLC-PDA Rao, V.R.S., et al., Natural Product Research, 2011. 25(13): p. 1288-1294.
109.    Phytochemical studies on the seed extract of Piper nigrum Linn Rasheed, M., et al., Natural product research, 2005. 19(7): p. 703-12.
110.    Antibacterial properties of Piper nigrum and Thymus vulgaris extracts and the safety of using them on living tissues Rayes, A.A.H., The Journal of American Science, 2012. 8(9): p. 141-145.
111.    Antibacterial constituents from the berries of Piper nigrum Reddy, S.V., et al., Phytomedicine, 2004. 11(7-8): p. 697-700.
112.    Isolation of piperdine from Piper nigrum and its antiproliferative activity Reshmi, S.K., E. Sathya, and P.S. Devi, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2010. 4(15): p. 1535-1546.
113.    Isolation of piperdine from Piper nigrum and its antiproliferative activity Reshmi, S.K., E. Sathya, and P.S. Devi, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2010. 4(8): p. 562-573.
114.    Isolation of piperdine from Piper nigrum and its antiproliferative activity Reshmi, S.K., E. Sathya, and P.S. Devi, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2010. 3(10): p. 2502-2507.
115.    ACAT inhibition of alkamides identified in the fruits of Piper nigrum Rho, M.-C., et al., Phytochemistry, 2007. 68(6): p. 899-903.
116.    Polyphenolic Extract of Piper nigrum Inhibits Sodium Oxalate Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Kidney Saha, S. and R.J. Verma, Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 2014. 6(3): p. 164-169.
117.    In vitro and in silico study of Piper nigrum on cyclooxygenase-2, i.n.o.s.a.a.e.S., Sarmistha and R.J. Verma, Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2015. 5(2): p. 86-98.
118.    Mediation of cholino-piperine like receptors by extracts of Piper nigrum induces melanin dispersion in Rana tigerina tadpole melanophores Sajid, M. and S.A. Ali, Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2011. 31(4): p. 286-290.
119.    Aedes aegypti larvicide from the ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum black peppercorns Santiago, V.S., R. Grace Alvero, and I.M. Villasenor, Natural Product Research, 2015. 29(5): p. 441-443.
120.    Induced aflatoxicosis and its amelioration by dietary Piper nigrum and methomin in broiler chickens: Haemato-biochemical, o.w.a.l.f.s.s.S., D., et al., Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2006. 76(5): p. 408-412.
121.    Production and trade of pepper (Piper nigrum) in Thailand Saranrom, P., Malaysian Agricultural Journal, 1993. 55(1): p. 25-30.
122.    Mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal effect of Piper nigrum Shamkuwar, P.B., International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2013. 5(3): p. 1138-1141.
123.    Antioxidant potential of pepper ( Piper nigrum Linn.) leaves and its antimicrobial potential against some pathogenic microbes Shanmugapriya, K., et al., Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2012. 3(4): p. 570-577.
124.    Preliminary observations on the effect of Piper longum and Piper nigrum on growth-rate Sharma, P.V. and C. Chaturvedi, J Med Sci Banaras Hindu Univ, 1964. 5((1)): p. 51-57.
125.    EFFECT OF GAMMA PROCESSING ON PREPACKAGED BLACK AND WHITE PEPPER PIPER-NIGRUM L Shigemura, R., D.L. Gerdes, and W.R. Hall, Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft and Technologie, 1991. 24(2): p. 135-138.
126.    CARCINOGENESIS INDUCED BY BLACK PEPPER (PIPER-NIGRUM) AND MODULATED BY VITAMIN-A Shwaireb, M.H., et al., Experimental Pathology, 1990. 40(4): p. 233-238.
127.    Piptigrine, a.n.i.a.f.P.n.L.S., B. S., et al., Natural Product Research, 2004. 18(5): p. 473-477.
128.    Insecticidal amides from fruits of piper Nigrum Linn Siddiqui, B.S., et al., Natural Product Research, 2005. 19(2): p. 143-150.
129.    A new natural product and insecticidal amides from seeds of Piper nigrum Linn Siddiqui, B.S., et al., Natural Product Research, 2008. 22(13): p. 1107-1111.
130.    New insecticidal amides from petroleum ether extract of dried Piper nigrum L. whole fruits Siddiqui, B.S., et al., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2004. 52(11): p. 1349-1352.
131.    Phytochemical studies on the seed extract of Piper nigrum Linn Siddiqui, B.S., et al., Natural Product Research, 2005. 19(7): p. 703-712.
132.    Potential use of Piper nigrum ethanol extract against pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae Simas, N.K., et al., Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical, 2007. 40(4): p. 405-407.
133.    EVALUATION OF THE MODULATORY INFLUENCE OF BLACK PEPPER (PIPER-NIGRUM, L.O.T.H.D.S.S., A. and A.R. Rao, Cancer Letters, 1993. 72(1-2): p. 5-9.
134.    Traditional uses of Piper nigrum (Kirishn-Maricha) Singh, J., et al., Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 2004. 26(2): p. 341-345.
135.    albino mice Singh, Manju, C.a.o.P.n.o.c.p.a.a.i.s.p.a.i.i.o.t.l.a.o.e.a.w.x.m.a.a.s.i.S., Cancer Research, 2012. 72.
136.    In vitro antioxidant activity of Piper nigrum Linn Singh, R. and H.S. Rao, Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2008. 4(13): p. 115-120.
137.    Chemistry, A.a.A.P.o.W.P.P.n.L.E.O.a.O.S., Sunita, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B-Biological Sciences, 2013. 83(3): p. 357-366.
138.    Die Fruchte von Schinus molle L dem Pfefferstrauch (Anacardiaceae). Ein Beitrag zur Identifizierung von Verfalschungen der Fruchte von Piper nigrum L Soos, E. and M. Hausknost, Sci Pharmaceut, 1951. 19: p. 213-219.
139.    Field evaluation of certain leaf extracts for the control of mussel scale ( Lepidosaphes piperis Gr.) in Black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) Sreekanth, M., Journal of Biopesticides, 2013. 6(1): p. 1-5.
140.    Anticancer and Cancer Prevention Effects of Piperine-Free Piper nigrum Extract on N-nitrosomethylurea-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis in Rats Sriwiriyajan, S., et al., Cancer Prevention Research, 2016. 9(1): p. 74-82.
141.    Mechanism-based inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by alkamides of Piper nigrum Subehan, et al., Planta Medica, 2006. 72(6): p. 527-532.
142.    Mechanism-based inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by alkamides of Piper nigrum Subehan, et al., Planta Medica, 2006. 72(6): p. 527-532.
143.    Alkamides from Piper nigrum L. and their inhibitory activity against human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Subehan, et al., Natural Product Communications, 2006. 1(1): p. 1-7.
144.    LIGNANS FROM LEAVES OF PIPER-NIGRUM LINN Sumathykutty, M.A. and J.M. Rao, Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1988. 27(4): p. 388-389.
145.    Effects of black pepper ( Piper nigrum Linn.) extract on sexual drive in male mice Sutyarso, M. Kanedi, and E. Rosa, Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 2015. 9(1): p. 42-47.
146.    Piper nigrum, P.b.a.G.g.-N.F.S.w.A.-Q.S.P.T., Li Ying, W.-F. Yin, and K.-G. Chan, Sensors, 2013. 13(3): p. 3975-3985.
147.    Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper nigrum L Tasleem, F., et al., Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2014. 7: p. S461-S468.
148.    THYROGENIC RESPONSE OF PIPER-NIGRUM Tripathi, P., G.S. Tripathi, and Y.B. Tripathi, Fitoterapia, 1989. 60(6): p. 539-542.
149.    Dipiperamides A, B., and C: bisalkaloids from the white pepper Piper nigrum inhibiting CYP3A4 activity Tsukamoto, S., B.C. Cha, and T. Ohta, Tetrahedron, 2002. 58(9): p. 1667-1671.
150.    Pharmacognostic Screening of Piper trichostachyon Fruits and its Comparative Analysis with Piper nigrum Using Chromatographic Techniques Upadhya, V., et al., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2016. 12(46): p. S152-S158.
151.    Larvicidal effects of crude extracts of dried ripened fruits of Piper nigrum against Culex quinquefasciatus larval instars Vasudevan, K., et al., Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 2009. 46(2): p. 153-156.
152.    In vitro Screening of Piper nigrum and Piper longum for Antibacterial Properties Verma, K.S. and A. Puntambekar, Vegetos, 2012. 25(1): p. 190-193.
153.    Antibacterial activity of Piper nigrum - an in vitro study Vijayakumar, A., et al., Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 2008. 5(2): p. 815-817.
154.    Efficacy of piperine, a.a.c.f.P.n.o.e.a.s.i.h.f.d.a.a.d.i.h.r.V., Ramasamy Subramaniam and N. Nalini, Cell Biochemistry and Function, 2006. 24(6): p. 491-498.
155.    Piperine, a.a.p.f.P.n., modulates hormonal and apo lipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats Vijayakumar, Ramasamy Subramanian and N. Nalini, Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 2006. 17(2): p. 71-86.
156.    Lipid-lowering efficacy of piperine from Piper nigrum L. in high-fat diet and antithyroid drug-induced hypercholesterolemic rats Vijayakumar, R.S. and N. Nalini, Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2006. 30(4): p. 405-421.
157.    Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with high fat diet induced oxidative stress Vijayakumar, R.S., D. Surya, and N. Nalini, Redox Report, 2004. 9(2): p. 105-110.
158.    Hypolipidemic effect of black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) in rats fed high fat diet Vijayakumar, R.S., et al., Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 2002. 32: p. 31-42.
159.    Isolation, c.a.i.o.p.-d.b.f.t.p.o.o.-o.-f.w.p.f.f.b.o.P.n.L.V., V., A. Kumar, and T.J. Zachariah, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2014. 116(4): p. 890-902.
160.    Physicochemical and microbiological qualities of steamed and irradiated ground black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Waje, C.K., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008. 56(12): p. 4592-4596.
161.    Comparison of the chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Piper nigrum Linn. with P. methysticum forst Wei, K., et al., Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2002. 27(5): p. 328-33.
162.    New amide alkaloids from the roots of Piper nigrum Wei, K., et al., Journal of Natural Products, 2004. 67(6): p. 1005-1009.
163.    Effects of Piper nigrum on Relative Bioavailability of Ferulic Acid in Angelica sinensis Yang, Z., et al., Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2006. 41(8): p. 577-580.
164.    Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts, p.a.p.a.f.P.n.Z., Zied, et al., Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 2013. 50(2): p. 634-641.
165.    Neurite elongation of a neuro-sensory cell line was promoted by piperine, a.a.e.f.P.N.Z., Z., et al., Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2014. 134: p. S65-S65.
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cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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